Prostate Cancer: Understanding Risks, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
11/26/2024
“Prostate cancer is a common cancer in men,” states W. Bruce Harrell, MD, board certified urologist with Lakeside Physicians in Granbury, Texas. “Generally, prostate cancer is a slow growing and slow spreading cancer which remains confined to the prostate itself. However some forms of prostate cancer can be aggressive and spread rapidly so early detection is important for effective treatment.”
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It surrounds part of the urethra and plays a role in producing and secreting prostate fluid, one of the components of semen. Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells develop in the prostate and begin to grow uncontrollably.
Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
Several factors can increase a man's risk of developing prostate cancer, including:
- Age: The risk of prostate cancer increases significantly as men age, with most cases diagnosed in men over 65.
- Family History: A family history of prostate cancer increases the risk, particularly if a father, brother, or close relative has had the disease.
- Ethnicity: African American men are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer and tend to develop it at a younger age. They also experience more aggressive forms of the disease.
- Genetics: Inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, increase the likelihood of prostate cancer, as well as a more aggressive form of it.
- Lifestyle Factors: Diet, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle may also contribute to the risk. Studies suggest that high-fat diets, particularly those rich in red meat and dairy products, might be linked to a higher risk of prostate cancer.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
In its early stages, prostate cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, which emphasizes the importance of regular medical visits and prostate cancer screening.. As prostate cancer progresses, however, it may cause:
- Difficulty urinating or a weak urine stream
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Blood in urine or semen
- Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area
- Erectile dysfunction
- Painful ejaculation
It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate. If symptoms occur, it's essential to seek medical evaluation.
Screening and Diagnosis
Prostate cancer is often detected during routine screening through the following methods:
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This blood test measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by both normal and cancerous prostate cells. Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer, though they can also be caused by other prostate conditions.
- Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): During a DRE, a healthcare provider feels the prostate through the rectal wall to check for abnormalities such as lumps or hard areas that could indicate cancer.
If screening tests suggest the possibility of prostate cancer, further diagnostic tests may be ordered, including:
- Prostate Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing a small sample of prostate tissue to examine under a microscope. This is the definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
MRI or Ultrasound: Imaging tests can help assess the extent of the tumor and whether it has spread to nearby tissues or organs.
Prostate cancer is a common and generally treatable disease, especially when detected early. With a variety of treatment options available, including active surveillance, surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy, patients can often manage the disease effectively. Regular screening and healthy lifestyle choices are important tools in reducing the risk and improving outcomes for men with prostate cancer.
For more information or to schedule an appointment with Dr. Harrell, please call (817) 573-5983 or visit https://lakegranburymedical.com/BruceHarrell.
References
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2020). Cancer Statistics, 2020. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(1), 7-30.
Mottet, N., van den Bergh, R. C., Briers, E., et al. (2021). EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. European Urology, 79(1), 243-262.
Rawla, P. (2019). Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. World Journal of Oncology, 10(2), 63-89.
Sartor, O., de Bono, J. S. (2018). Metastatic Prostate Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378(7), 645-657.
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